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英语语言学
Chapter 9 Second Language Aquisition
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简答题
The basic claim of the output hypothesis is that the availability of input which is comprehensible to the learner is the only necessary condition for language learning to take place.
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简答题
Acquisition of knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment without doing so consciously is called explicit learning.
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Universalists is only interested in the learner as the possessor of a mind that contains language; the assumption is that all human beings are endowed with such a mind, and variations between individuals are of little concern.
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Human acquire language in only one way – by understanding messages, or by receiving "comprehensible output …" we move from i, our current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding output containing i+1.
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According Krashen's input hypothesis, if input is understood, and there is enough of it, the necessary grammar is automatically provided.
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Chomsky argues that there must be some innate core of specific knowledge about language form, which pre-specifies a framework for all natural human languages. This core of knowledge is currently known as Universal Grammar.
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Metacognitive involves the manipulation or transformation of the learning materials / input (e.g. repetition, summarizing, using images).
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Fossilization means that linguistic forms, features or rules, etc. to become temporarily established in the interlanguage of a second language learner in a form that is deviant from the target-language norm and that continues to appear in performance regardless of further exposure to the target language.
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According Gardner, an instrumental orientation is primarily associated with the potential pragmatic gains of L2 proficiency, such as getting a better job or a higher salary.
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Focus on forms refers to how focal attentional resources are allocated … during an otherwise meaning-focused classroom lesson, focus on forms often consists of an occasional shift of attention to linguistic code features – by the teacher and / or one or more students – triggered by perceived problems in communication.
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Interlanguage refers to the language produced by a native speaker of a language (i.e. a learner's output). It refers to the systematic knowledge underlying a learner's production.
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Carroll's four-component model of language aptitude includes phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning ability and associative memory.
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From Chomsky's point of view, children could learn language primarily by imitating the speech of their caretakers.
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In the 20th century, the best-known controversy on nature-nurture issue as far as first language learning was concerned involved the behaviour psychologist, B. F. Skinner, and the linguist, Noam Chomsky.
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Gardner assumed that language learners' motives fall into two broad categories: an integrative orientation and an instrumental orientation.
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According to input hypothesis, only second language production really forces learners to undertake complete grammatical processing, and thus drives forward most effectively the development of second language syntax and morphology.
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Cognitive strategies involves higher-order strategies aimed at analyzing, monitoring, evaluating, planning, and organizing one's own learning process.
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An integrative orientation reflects a positive disposition toward the L2 group and the desire to interact with and even become similar to valued members of that community.
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Foreign language learning is generally differentiated from second language acquisition in that the former refers to the learning of a native language in the environment of one's nonnative language.
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Interaction hypothesis places much more emphasis on linking features of input and the linguistic environment with 'learner-internal factors,' and explaining how such linkages may facilitate subsequent language development.
英语语言学
章节列表
Chapter 1 Introduction
18
Chapter 2 Sound of Language
19
Chapter 3 Morphology
19
Chapter 4 Syntax
20
Chapter 5 Semantics
20
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
20
Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis
20
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
20
Chapter 9 Second Language Aquisition
20
Final Test
74